Gade kòd pou Walt Whitman

{{Infobox ekriven
|imaj=Walt Whitman - George Collins Cox.jpg
|lejand=Walt Whitman en 1887.
|dat nesans= 31 me 1819
| non nesans = Walter Whitman
|lye nesans = [[West Hills (New York)|West Hills]], [[Long Island]], [[New York]],<br>[[Etazini]] (1818-1819)
| lye lanmò = [[Camden (New Jersey)|Camden]], [[New Jersey]],<br>[[Etazini]] (1891-1896)
| lang ekri = [[Angle ameriken ]]
| jan literè= [[Pwezi]]
|siyati=Walt Whitman signature.svg
|zèv prensipal=Feuilles d'herbe, O Captain! My Captain!
|distenksyon=	New Jersey Hall of Fame (2009)
|papa=	Walter Whitman, Sr. 
|aktivite=Bòs chapant, enfimyè, pwofesè, jounalis, powèt, enprimant, editè, redaksyon, ekriven, womansye
}}

'''Walter Whitman''', pi byen konnen kòm '''Walt Whitman''', fèt 31 me 1819 nan [[West Hills (New York )|West Hills, New York]] ([[Long Island]]) epi li te mouri nan dat 26 mas 1892 nan [[Camden (New Jersey)|Camden]] ([[New Jersey]]) , se yon [[powèt]], [[nouvelis]], [[jounalis]], [[Editè (pwofesyon)|editè]] [[Etazini|Ameriken]]. Koleksyon li nan [[powèm]] ''[[Feuilles d'herbe]]'' (''Fèy zèb'') konsidere kòm chèf li.

== Biyografi ==

=== Jènès ak fòmasyon ===
Whitman te fèt {{date-|31 me|1819}} nan yon fèm nan [[West Hills (New York)|West Hills, New York]]<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|language=en-US|name1= Rumsey|firstname1=Spencer|title=Walt Whitman's Long Island Roots|url=https://www.longislandpress.com/2013/09/10/walt-whitmans-long-island-roots/|site=Long Island Nouvèl ki soti nan Long Island Press|date=2013-09-10|accessed=2020-01-05}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Web link|language=en-US|title=Istwa a nan Walt Whitman Birthplace Association|url=https://www.waltwhitman.org/about/about-wwba/|date=|accessed=2020-01-05}}</ref> tou pre jounen jodi a [[South Huntington (Nouvo York)|South Huntington]], nan [[Long Island]], dezyèm nan nèf pitit Louisa Van Velsor, nan [[Olandè|Olandè]], ak Walter Whitman, Sr., nan [[Britanik|Angle]] orijin. Fanmi l te deplase nan Brooklyn an 1823. Apre sis ane nan lekòl primè, li rantre nan yon atelye enprime kòm yon apranti. [[Autodidacte|Otodidakt]], li li [[Homer]], [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] ak [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]<ref>{{Web link|language=en|title= Walt Whitman {{!}} Biyografi, Powèm, fèy zèb, ak reyalite|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walt-Whitman|site=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessed=2020-01-05}} </ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title=Walt Whitman {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/ american -literature-biographies/walt-whitman|site=www.encyclopedia.com|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>.
Apre dezan aprantisaj, Whitman te ale nan [[New York]] pou l travay nan diferan atelye enprime.

=== Karyè ===
Apre enpresyon li te boule, li te kòmanse yon karyè kòm [[pwofesè lekòl]] nan yon [[sèl sal klas]] nan Long Island soti nan [[1836 Ozetazini|1836]] rive nan [[1841 Ozetazini|1841]]<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|language=en-us|title=About Walt Whitman {{!}} Academy of American Poets|url=https://poets.org/poet/walt-whitman | sit=Academy of American Poets|dat=|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>. An menm tan an, li te fonde ak edite jounal ''The Long-Islander'' (ki te vin ''Long Islander News''<ref>{{Web link|language=en-US|title=About Us|url =http://www.longislandernews.com/about-us|site=Long Islander News|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>) nan vil [[Huntington (New York)|Huntington]] nan [[ 1838]] ak [[1839]]. Nan 1841, li te kite ansèyman pou pouswiv yon karyè aplentan kòm yon jounalis ak editè nan New York. Li te ekri tou atik pou magazin popilè ak jounal chak jou epi li te ekri diskou politik. An [[1840]], li te patisipe nan kanpay re-eleksyon [[Prezidan Etazini]] [[Martin Van Buren]] ki te bat [[William Henry Harrison]]<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt | language=en-US|author1=Matthew Wills|title=Walt Whitman the... Politisyen?|url=https://daily.jstor.org/walt-whitman-the-politician/|site=JSTOR Daily|date = 2016-05-31|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>.

Lè sa a, diskou politik Whitman te ekri yo te atire atansyon Sosyete Tammany Hall la, ki te konfye li ak koreksyon anpil jounal, pa youn nan yo ki te jwi piblikasyon lontan. Pandan dezan, li te yon editè pou enfliyan ''[[The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]''<ref>{{Web link|language=en-GB|title=Walt Whitman Biyografi {{!}}|url=https://www.biographyonline.net/poets/walt-whitman.html|site=Biography Online|konsilte sou=2020-01-05}}</ref> nan mitan lagè a nan [[ Aneksasyon Texas]], li te ekri la: “Wi, [[Meksik]] dwe pini sevè. Se pou nou pote bra nou kounye a yon fason pou nou anseye lemonn antye ke, byenke nou pa renmen diskisyon, Amerik konnen ki jan fè grèv ak konnen mwayen pou elaji. "); Sepandan, apre yon divizyon nan [[Pati Demokratik (Etazini)|Pati Demokratik la]], li te soulaje devwa li paske li te sipòte [[Free Soil Party]], yon pati ki te opoze ak ekstansyon esklavaj la. Lwès. Apre tantativ li pou l te fonde yon jounal Free Soil te echwe, li te rebondi de travay an travay. Ant [[1841]] ak [[1859]], Walt Whitman te edite yon jounal ("The Crescent") nan [[New Orleans]], [[Lwizyana]], de nan [[New York]] ak kat lòt sou [[Long Island]]. Nan [[New Orleans]], li te dekouvri mache esklav ki te fèt regilyèman nan vil sa a nan epòk sa a. Se la ke li te kòmanse ekri powèm e byento aktivite sa a ranplase tout lòt. Ane 1840 yo te wè premye fwi nan travay long li sou mo, ak piblikasyon yon kantite istwa kout soti nan 1841 ak roman ''Franklin Evans'' te pibliye nan New York yon ane pita, ki te fè pati [[Lig Tanperans lan. |mouvman tanperans]]. Men, se sitou istwa kout ''The Child's Champion'' ki te pibliye an [[1842]] e souvan repibliye depi e ki kounye a konsidere kòm pi enpòtan nan premye zèv li yo. Li te etabli fondasyon teyolojik pou yon tèm ki ta fèmen nan kè Whitman pandan tout lavi li, sètadi pouvwa redanmsyon pwofon lanmou an.

Premye edisyon Leaves of Grass te pibliye an 1855, menm ane papa Whitman te mouri. Nan epòk sa a, koleksyon an te fèt nan douz powèm long, san tit. Te gen ti pa gen okenn reyaksyon piblik oswa kritik. Yon ane apre, Whitman pibliye yon dezyèm edisyon ki gen ladann yon lèt felisitasyon soti nan [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] ak ven powèm adisyonèl. Emerson te mande depi lontan aparisyon yon [[pwezi Etazini|Pwezi Ameriken]], ki pa gen enfliyans Ewopeyen an; ''Fèy zèb'' te ranpli l.

Apre Lagè Sivil la, Depatman Enteryè Etazini te anboche Walt Whitman kòm yon grefye. Sepandan, lè Minis Enteryè a James Harlan te dekouvri ke Whitman se te otè eskandal ''Fèy zèb yo'', li te revoke l 'sou plas la.

Nan sizyèm edisyon li an [[1881]], koleksyon powèm yo te vin pi epè. Lè sa a, Whitman te jwi yon pi gwo repitasyon ak edisyon an te vann yon gwo kantite kopi, ki te pèmèt Whitman achte yon kay nan Camden, New Jersey.

=== Opinyon politik ===
Whitman pandan tout lavi li pral yon demokrat konvenki, li te sekretè jeneral [[Pati Demokratik (Etazini)|Pati Demokratik]] nan [[New York]], opoze ak esklavaj, li te kite Pati Demokrat la pou rantre nan [[Free Soil Party]]<ref>{{Web link|language=en-us|author1=Ed Simon|title=Poukisa nou bezwen Walt Whitman an 2020 {{!}} History News Network|url=https :// historynewsnetwork.org/article/173961|site=historynewsnetwork.org|date=30 desanm 2019|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| lang= en-us|title=Martin Klammer, "Free Soil Party" (Kritik) - Achiv Walt Whitman|url=https://whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/encyclopedia/entry_461.html|site=whitmanarchive.org |dat =|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>.

=== Finisman ===
Whitman te mouri ak [[Nemoni egi|nemoni]] nan {{dat lanmò|26 mas|1892}}, apre li te fin fè revizyon ''[[Fèy zèb]]'' (''Fèy zèb'') <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|language=en-us|author1=Rhys Griffiths|title=Lamò Walt Whitman {{!}} Istwa Jodi a|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past /death-walt-whitman|site=www.historytoday.com|date=|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Atik |language=en-US | premye non1=Tina |ti non1=Jordan |tit=Lè Walt Whitman t ap mouri, se te Nouvèl Front-Page — pou mwa |peryodik=The New York Times |dat=2018-12-18 |issn= 0362-4331 |li online=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/books/walt-whitman-final-death-illness-archives.html |accessed=2020-01-05 }} </ref>. Pami kòz lanmò li, se yon rejim alimantè ki baze sou pwodwi letye enkrimine, an patikilye [[Pwenson (bwè)|punch]] ak lèt, nan moman an lèt te souvan manipilasyon ak lacho, ak sante nan bèf pwodwi letye pa t '. verifye, kidonk li sanble ke Walt Whitman te konsome lèt ki soti nan bèf ki afekte nan [[Mycobacterium bovis|tibèkiloz]]<ref>{{Web link|language=en-us|name1=Johnson|premye non1 =Caleb|titre=What Really Killed Walt Whitman?|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/05/31/what-really-killed-walt-whitman/|site=The Paris Review|dat =2019-05-31|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>.

Yo antere Whitman nan {{Link|language=en|trad=Harleigh Cemetery, Camden|fr=Harleigh Cemetery (Camden)|texte=Harleigh Cemetery}}, nan [[Camden (New Jersey)|Camden]] nan [[New Jersey]]<ref>{{Web link|language=en-us|title=Walt Whitman|url=https://fr.findagrave.com/memorial/1098/walt-whitman#source|site=Find a Grave Memorial |date=}}</ref>, ansanm ak manm fanmi li nan yon [[kripte]] ki sou mòn ke li te fèt<ref>{{Web link|language=en-us|author1=Kevin C. Shelly|title= Dènye kote pou repoze Walt Whitman a: yon crypt hillside nan Camden li te fèt|url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/walt-whitmans-final-resting-place-a-hillside-crypt-in-camden-he-designed- /|site=www.phillyvoice.com|date=|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|language=en-us|title=Walt Whitman's Grave|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/walt-whitmans-grave|site=Atlas Obscura|date=|accessed=2020-01-05}}</ref> .

=== Divè ===
Nan [[1916]], manm ''Walt Whitman Club'' nan Bon Echo, te finanse stonecutters pou yo taye sou bò yon wòch nan [[Bon Echo Provincial Park]] nan [[Ontario]], nan [[Kanada]] twa liy sa yo soti nan youn nan powèm li yo<ref>{{Web link|titre=Seksyon 20 {{!}} IWP WhitmanWeb|url=https://iwp.uiowa.edu/whitmanweb/en/writings/song-of-myself/section-20|site=iwp.uiowa.edu|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{ Web link|language=en|titre="Song of Myself" nan Bon Echo|url=https://waltwhitmaninitiative.org/event/song-of-myself-marathon-reading-at-bon-echo/|site =Walt Whitman Initiative|accessed on= 2020-01-05}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Web link|language=en|titre=Walt Whitman Monument|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/walt- whitman-monument|site=Atlas Obscura|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>:

{|
|
:''My foothold is tenon'd and mortis'd in granite;''
:''I laugh at what you call dissolution;''
:''And I know the amplitude of time.''
||
:De pye mwen yo tenoned ak mortise nan granit la;
:Mwen ri nan sa ou rele dissolution;
:Epi mwen konnen anplitid tan an.
|}
== Pwezi ak enfliyans ==
Pou anpil moun, Walt Whitman ak [[Emily Dickinson]] se de poto pwezi Ameriken nan {{s|19}} yo. Pi miyò, pwezi Whitman a sanble intrinsèque Ameriken. Powèt la evoke yon Amerik òdinè nan yon vwa rezolisyon Ameriken (gade itilizasyon [[vèsè gratis]]). Fòs pwezi li sanble soti nan emosyon vivan ke li eksite gras a entèlijans pawòl li yo. Whitman sèvi ak repetisyon pou kreye yon kalite ipnoz nan tèks li yo: repetisyon sa a kreye fòs pwezi li a, ki enspire olye ke enfòme. Kidonk, li pi bon pou w li pwezi w byen fò pou w santi tout mesaj la. Kalite powetik li yo tire zansèt yo an pati nan diskou ak ekriti relijye oswa kasi-relijye tankou powèt [[James Weldon Johnson]] (enfliyans dènye a te menm pi fò nan [[Jakmel]], ann [[Ayiti ]] ).

Powèt Ameriken nan {{s|XX}} (e kounye a nan {{s|XXI}}) pa ka inyore Whitman nan sans ke li te defini fondamantalman lang powetik Amerik demokratik la.

An Frans, Walt Whitman te gen yon gwo enfliyans sou powèt yo [[Symbolism (atis)|senbolis]] ak sou ekriven yo [[Unanimism|inanimists]].

Se powèt franse [[Jules Laforgue]] ki te tradui l, anba tit ''Feuilles d'herbe''.

== Whitman ak omoseksyalite ==
[[Image:Walt Whitman and Bill Duckett.jpg|thumbnail|180px|left|Walt Whitman ak Bill Duckett]]
Yon eleman ki pa ka inyore sou lavi ak travay Walt Whitman se [[enmoseksyalite]] li, ki trayi admirasyon li pou ideyal kamaradri viril nan {{s|19}} oswa plis bridman deskripsyon kazi-masturbatory li nan kò gason an ("Song of Myself"). Tout bagay sa yo an kontradiksyon total ak endiyasyon ke Whitman te montre lè li te konfwonte ak kalite tèks sa a, lè li te fè lwanj chastete ak stigmatize [[masturbasyon]]. Sepandan, dènye kritik yo gen tandans kwè ke powèm li yo te reflete vrè santiman Whitman anvè sèks li, menm jan li plis oswa mwens fè efò pou konsève repitasyon li. Pa egzanp, nan ''Once I Pass'd Through a Populous City,'' li te fè 'byenneme a' yon 'byenneme' anvan piblikasyon. Li te ale jiska envante sis timoun natirèl pou korije repitasyon li.

Pandan Lagè Sivil la, kamaradri entans sou liy devan yo nan Vijini, kote Whitman te sèvi kòm enfimyè, te ankouraje lide li sou konvèjans omoseksyalite ak demokrasi<ref>{{Web link|language=en-us|title=Walt Whitman. |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/walt-whitman|site=Poetry Foundation| date=2020-01-04|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>. Nan ''Democratic Vistas'', li te fè distenksyon an pou premye fwa ant ''lanmou amatif'' (ki an reyalite ta renmen etewoseksyèl) ak ''lanmou adezif'' (ki ta dwe renmen omoseksyèl), konte sou rezilta yon pseudo-syans, [[frenoloji]]. Li wè "lanmou adezif" kòm yon kolòn vètebral posib nan yon pi bon fòm demokrasi, kòm "yon kontrepwa ak yon reset nan demokrasi Ameriken nou an, materyalis ak vilgè".

Li te fè pati {{Lien|langue=en|trad=John Franklin Gray|fr=}}, [[Charles Kingsley]] ak lòt pèsonalite yon gwoup omoseksyèl ke li te rele '' Fred Grey Association''<ref>{{Web link|language=en-us|title=The Fred Grey Association {{!}} The Vault at Pfaff's|url=https://pfaffs.web.lehigh.edu/node /54279|site=pfaffs. web.lehigh.edu|date=|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Web link|language=en-us|name1 =Renehan|premye non1=Edward |title=Mannahatta — Walt Whitman nan New York|url=https://medium.com/@edrenehan/mannahatta-walt-whitman-in-new-york-d8f937d182ae|site=Medium|date= 2018-12-16| jwenn aksè nan=2020-01-05}}</ref>, gwoup ki te rankontre regilyèman nan restoran Pfaff, nan otèl Coleman House nan [[Manhattan]]; Whitman te souvan ale la ak mennaj li Fred Vaughn<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|language=en-US|title=Pfaff's|url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/pfaffs/|site=NYC LGBT Historic Sites Pwojè|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>.

Soti nan ane [[1970 Ozetazini|1970]], mouvman emansipasyon omoseksyèl la epi òganizasyon Ameriken yo [[Madivin, masisi, biseksyèl ak transganr|LGBT]] te fè Whitman ak [[Emily Dickinson] ] dirijan figi<ref> {{Lyen entènèt|language=en-us|ti non1=Lybarger|premye non1=Jeremy|title=Walt Whitman's Boys|url=http://bostonreview.net/literature-culture/jeremy-lybarger -walt-whitmans-boys |sit=Boston Review|date=2019-05-29|accessed on=2020-01-05}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|language=en-US|title=LGBT Mwa Istwa: Emily Dickinson ak Walt Whitman - Angle {{!}} Colorado State University|url=https://english.colostate.edu/news/lgbt-history-month-emily-dickinson-walt -whitman/|accessed on =2020-01-05}}</ref>. Powèm yo ki soti nan koleksyon an {{Lien|langue=en|trad=Calamus (poems)|fr=}} an patikilye, ki ekri apre yon relasyon kase (prezimableman omoseksyèl), gen pasaj ki te entèprete kòm yon sibtil "[[coming out]]" ki vize pou lektè omoseksyèl li yo<ref>{{Lien web|language=en-us|title=Walt Whitman - Sèvis Elèv Sèks ak Seksyalite - UIS|url=https://www.uis .edu/gendersexualitystudentservices/waltwhitman /|sit=www.uis.edu|date=|accessed=2020-01-05}}</ref>. Sèl tit powèm sa yo deja trayi konotasyon omoseksyèl yo bay inisye yo, paske [[Acores|Calamus]] se yon plant ki pran non li nan men bondye [[Calamos and Carpos|Calamos]], ki dapre [[mitoloji grèk]] la te oblije andire lanmò jenn gason l Carpos.

== Zèv ==
=== Pwezi ===

* ''[[Feuilles d'herbe]]'' (1855-1891)
* ''Comme un oiseau puissant sur ses libres ailes et autres poèmes'' (1872)
* ''Deux ruisseaux'' (1876)
* ''Poèmes et proses inédits'' (1921)
* ''[[O Captain! My Captain!|Ô Capitaine, mon capitaine!]]''
* ''Chanson sur moi''

=== Pwoz ===
* ''Franklin Evans ou l'Alcoolique'', roman, (1842) ; 1er traduction en français ''L'ivrognerie de Franklin Evans : Un récit d'époque'', trad. fr. & préf. [[Jean Pavans]], [[José Corti]], 224 p., 2022 {{ISBN|978-2714312716}}
* ''Vie et aventures de Jack Engle'' (''Life and Adventures of Jack Engle''), roman, (1852)
* ''Départ à Paumanok'' (1855)
* ''Perspectives démocratiques'' (1871)
* ''Echantillons de jours et recueils'' (1882-1883)
* ''Rameaux de novembre'' (1888)
* ''Voyage au Canada'' (1904)
* ''La Moisson des forces'' (1920)
* ''L'Atelier de Walt Whitman'' (1928)
* ''Je m'assois et regarde'' (1932)
* ''Texte sur la guerre civile'' (1933)

=== Korespondans ===
* ''Correspondance avec Anne Gilchrist'' (1918)
* ''Tant que durera la guerre : Lettres à sa mère pendant la guerre de Sécession'', trad. fr. [[Thierry Gillyboeuf]], Le Bouscat, [[Éditions Finitude]], 240 p., 2023 {{ISBN|978-2363391971}}

==Nòt ak referans==
{{Références|taille=24}}
== Gade tou ==
{{Lòt pwojè
|commons=Category:Walt Whitman|commons titre=Walt Whitman
|wikisource=Auteur:Walt Whitman
|wikiquote=Walt Whitman}}

=== Atik ki gen rp\apò ===
* [[Léon Bazalgette]]
* [[Johanna Müller-Hermann]]

=== Lyen deyò ===
* {{Autorité}}
* {{Dictionnaires}}
* {{Bases art}}
* {{Bases littérature}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1322 ''Leaves of Grass'' par le Project Gutenberg]
* [http://www.laforgue.org/whitman.htm Traduction de ''Leaves of Grass'' par Jules Laforgue]
* {{lien web|langue=en|url=http://www.bartleby.com/142/index.html|titre=Leaves of Grass}}
* {{lien web|langue=en|url=http://www.whitmanarchive.org/|titre=The Walt Whitman Archive}}